Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contracts - Essay Example Minors or persons with unsound mind lack the capacity to contract. Upon acceptance of the offer, the offeree must provide a specific compensation for the promise fulfilled, often referred to as a consideration. Additionally, agreements only amount to contracts when formed with a legal purpose and with the intent to create a legal obligation between the parties involved. For this reason agreements between family members, with the exception of commercial agreements do not create a valid contracts. Certainty of the subject matter is another essential requirement of a valid contract since contracts cannot be based on ambiguity or unclear subject matter. Finally, agreements forming contracts must be mutual, coercion or undue influence invalidates a contract. The parole evidence rule holds that when the contracting parties agree to record their content of their agreement in writing, they often intend that whatever is written down to be the only reliable source of reference to the agreement, which supersedes any other terms and conditions agreed to during the bargain but not written. The basis of the parole evidence rule is that what is reflected in writing should be taken as a true representation of the terms of the contract. The parole evidence rule bars any parole evidence presented in addition to the written evidence. Assignment of rights in contract refers to a situation where the beneficiary to a contractual agreement willfully relinquishes all the rights to receive the aforesaid benefits to a third party, not initially considered in the contractual agreement. For example, if J agrees to sell his house to W for $3000, and then J transfers his right under the contract to pay the $ 3000 to X, X becomes the assignee and the legal beneficiary to the contract. This does not however, give X authority to execute the terms of the contract. In this case, J will only have delegated his duty to receive the consideration of $ 3000 to

The New Face of Poverty Essay Example for Free

The New Face of Poverty Essay Most people describe poverty as a lack of essential items, such as food, clothing, and shelter. When individuals are not able to afford nutritious meals, attend school regularly, or have access to health care, regardless of their income, they can be considered to be in poverty. The new face of poverty involves many people who are homeless because problems that arose, or unforeseen circumstances occurred, forcing them into these situations. In the essay, â€Å"The Untouchables,† Kozol wrote about the struggles and hardships Richard Lazarus and others encountered because of homelessness. Jo Goodwin Parker wrote a vivid first hand description about living in poverty in the essay, â€Å"What is Poverty? †. Lazarus lived on the street struggling to survive, where as, Parker lived in a house struggling to support her family. In New York, Lazarus either slept in a park or in a dilapidated hotel operated by a shelter organization. Other homeless people, unable to find room in a shelter or afraid of something within the shelter, seeked sanctuary in public transportation buildings, subway tunnels, or church doorways. Parker struggled to provide anything but the bare essentials for her family. She lived without hot water, soap, shampoo, hand cream for cracked red hands, or materials to do any repairs on the unkempt, decrepit house. Each night, she washed all the clothes her school aged children possessed, in cold water, hoping they would be dry for the next school day. Lazarus felt the American public looked at homelessness as â€Å"the rejected waste of society†(263). He feels the homeless were useful when performing menial tasks or donating blood. He thinks people living in regular homes may not complain about their current situation if they see homeless people and fear they could be in the same state of affairs. In the same way, Parker said, â€Å"Poverty is looking into a black future†. She feared for her children’s future imaging them being behind bars because they could steal for things they wanted. She also feared her children could turn to drugs and alcohol to escape the grip of poverty. She also feared her daughter may end up in the same poverty lifestyle. Parker also felt poverty eroded away one’s pride and honor. Both Parker and Lazarus landed in these situations because of circumstances beyond their control. Parker married young and moved to another town with her new husband. Losing his job forced them to move into a small rundown house in her old hometown. Parker’s husband worked a few odd jobs, but most of their money went toward food. After three years, and three babies, he left, leaving her to support the family. Lazarus received an education from a private military school, and then held a job in data processing for seven years. Lazarus then lost his job, his wife, his children, his home, and then became homeless. These two people exemplifies the new face of poverty. The attitudes of the American public toward helping Lazarus and the homelessness, and people like Parker living in poverty, have eroded. Kozol writes, â€Å"So from pity we graduate to weariness; from weariness to impatience; from impatience to annoyance; from annoyance to dislike and sometimes to contempt† (265). Treatment of the homeless in most cities have became harsh. An anti-homeless activist in Phoenix stated he was â€Å"tired of feeling guilty about the homeless†(Kozol 262). A columnist from a major magazine wanted the homeless evicted from the streets. When Parker asked for help, she received seventy-eight dollars a month to clothe, feed, and provide shelter for herself and three children. Attitudes toward the poor have evolved into indifference, or worse, hatred. In contrast, these essays are about the asperities of a man and a woman. The essay about Lazarus recounted the plight of a homeless man and the public negativity toward homelessness. Although this story portrayed one of misfortune, compassion for the fellow man was buried by those holding bias toward homelessness. The essay about Parker summarized the misfortunes of the life of a woman. This woman struggled to provide for her three children. Most of the people living in poverty are currently in this situation due to unfortunate circumstances.

Appearance Versus Reality in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Es

Appearance Versus Reality in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie In any Tennessee Williams' play, nothing is as it seems. Everything represents more than itself. Williams' creative use of symbols creates a drama that far exceeds the apparent or surface level. Williams himself admits that "art is made out of symbols the way your body is made out of the vital tissue," and that "symbols are nothing but the natural speech of drama [. . . ,] the purest language of plays [. . . ; S]ometimes it would take page after tedious page of exposition to put across an idea that could be said with an object or a gesture on the lighted stage" (Demastes 174). The reader must engage not only what appears to be just a needed prop or dialogue, but also the reader has to project beyond the obvious to understand the full impact of the symbols Williams uses. He controls every aspect of his plays by giving very precise stage directions. He is the god of his work. He directs every aspect as if he is afraid to turn lose any control unless it becomes something else than he wi lls it to be. In The Glass Menagerie, Williams uses many symbols that cannot fully be retained by the reader in just one reading of the play. The Glass Menagerie is a play about a dysfunctional family during the 1930s and how they survive in their own world of reality. Even the characters themselves are symbols of a deeper meaning; for example, Amanda Wingfield's name itself is revealing. Amanda contains the word man, and she has to play the role of the man and the woman of the house since the father deserted the family long ago. Close examination of the last name Wingfield gives the reader additional clues. The Wingfields are actually taking life as it comes to them, or, in... ...orks Cited Demastes, William D. Realism and the American Dramatic Tradition. Tuscaloosa, AL: U of Alabama P, 1996. Kolin, Philip. Tennesse Williams: A Guide to Research and Performance. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998. Scanlan, Tom. Family, Drama, and American Dreams. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978. Sievers, W. David. Freud on Broadway, A History of Psychoanalysis and the American Drama. New York: Hermitage House, 1995. Weales, Gerald. "Tennessee Williams 1914-. Contemporary Literary Cristicism. 21 Vols. Ed. Dedria Bryfonski and Phyllis Carmel Mendelson.Detroit:Gale,1978.471. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 5th ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1864-1908. Work Consulted Williams. Edwina Dakin. Remember Me to Tom. New York: Putman, 1963.

Cosmic Creation Myths Across Cultures Paper Essay

For years, there have been some inquiries about how the world came to be. Included in those inquiries are who create the world and how human kind came to exist. To answer the unanswered, different cultures have their own version of how it was created. The creation myths explain the destruction that has or is going to happen. Different creation myths can also explain natural accident or the cosmic conditions. The different creation myths from different cultures all have similarities and difference in their level of creation, creators, cosmic elements, and creations. When it comes to the Navajo Legend, each song is a prayer to the Holy People who takes care of them. Ceremonies are taken place to help cure the sick and to help protect their herds, crops, families, and/or homes. During the ceremonies they sing songs which include a Blessingway Song. The song brings a blessing for a happy and long life. It I also used to bless new marriages. However, the Inca culture was directed by a great coordinated priesthood and engaged on honoring royal ancestors as well as gods. The priests relied on fortune-telling to answer all types of phenomenon’s, from analyzing sickness to deciding who’s innocence or guilty to figuring out what type of offering to give to which god. The Navajo legend includes three underworlds where crucial events happened to shape the fourth world which is the present. Their creators gave them the name Ni’hookaa Diyan Dinà © which means Holy Earth People. Today, the Navajo people just refer to themselves as Dinà © which means The People. The first world (black), which was called Nihodilhil, had four corners and above these appeared four clouds. The four clouds were also the elements of the first world and the colors were black, blue, white, and yellow. The second world (blue), Nihodootlizh, was created due to the battle in the Nihodilhil, the First Man (Atse Hastin), First Woman (Atse Estsan), and the Coyote called the First Angry crawled up from the World of Darkness and Dampness to Nihodootlizh. The third world (yellow), which was called Nihaltsoh, was founded by Blue Bird as he was the first to come through. After the Blue Bird, First Man, First Woman, and Coyote also came to Nihaltsoh. The fourth world (white), Nihalgai, founded by The Locust. The Locust saw that the world was covered with water that glittered and everything looked white. The others followed the Locust to the Nihalgai. The Navajo creator god, Dinà © BahaneÊ ¼, created First Man and First Woman and the twins got to this world, it was all covered with water. But winds came and blew the water off of some of the land, so people could live on it. Then First Man got help from the diyin dine (spirit people) to make all the things on earth. He had a sacred medicine bundle and he took out the things in the bundle one by one and sang to it, and so he turned it into a mountain, or a tree, or an animal, or a time of day, or something else. The Inca creator god, Viracocha, was believed to have had a special bond with the Inca king Pachacuti, who dreamed that the god helped his people gain victory in a war they were fighting. After winning the war, Pachacuti built a great temple to Viracocha at Cuzco. The temple contained a large solid gold statue of the god as a bearded man. According to Inca tradition, Viracocha had white skin, which explains why some of the Indians at first thought that the bearded, pale-skinned Spanish soldiers were representatives of their creator god. When it comes to the Navajo legend, there was the Great Flood. Coyote named took two Water Monster babies and brought on the flood by stealing from the Water Monster mother. First Man and First Woman brought them back through the passage and on to the bank. Coyote had also wrapped them in his skin coat with white fur lining. The Inca also had a Great Flood. In their legend, the great flood was used to wiped away the wicked and unruly people. During ancient time people were cruel and greedy and failed to pay proper attention to the gods. Then one day, two respectable brothers observed that their llamas were sad and acting abnormal. The llamas spoke to the brother and said, â€Å"A great flood is coming†. The brothers took their herds and families to the high caves. It rained for months, drowning the world below. Then one day the sun god Inti arose and with the warmth of his smile dried the earth. Reference http://bigmyth.com/myths/english/2_navajo_full.htm http://bigmyth.com/myths/english/2_inca_full.htm

Inertia lab report Essay

A Rotational motion experiment is the simplest method of finding the Moment of Inertia. Minimum equipment is required to perform this experiment. For the purposes of increasing the accuracy of the results, the procedure should be repeated three times, making our conclusion more reliable. While load is moving downwards it’s potential energy converts to kinetic. Load is accelerating because weight(Fg=mg) of the load is bigger than tension on a string so load is not in equilibrium and by Newton’s Second Law (F=ma) resultant force creates an acceleration. Resultant force can be calculated by the equation S=0. 5at2+ut to find acceleration and F=ma. String rotates the spindle which rotates the disc by creating a torque(T=Fr). Torque accelerates the disc and it can be found by ? = . To find moment of inertia now T=I? equation is used. 1 Method and observation: Apparatus: 3 different size discs, spindle, ruler, set of weights, stopwatch, stand. Disc is attached to one end of the spindle and string with load is attached to the other end. Disc’s weight, diameter and radius are required to be measured before experiment. Length of the string (L), number of loops on the spindle (n) and horizontal distance of loops (H) were measured before experiment. Using equation below r is found. = 2 Spindle Disc String Stopwatch Weights Stand After setting all the equipment up the experiment starts. The string is then wrapped around the spindle. Time was measured for load pass the distance of length of the string. To plot graph one over time2 is required to be calculated. 4 different masses of the load are used in experiment is repeated 3 times every time mass is changed to make reduce random error. After finishing all the experiments on one of the discs other disc is placed and experiment repeats. When all the experiments are done and measurements are recorded mass against one over time2 is plotted using results. 3 graphs are going to be plotted for each disc. Gradient of the graph is constant k which we could use to find I using formulae below. When observed the string with vibrating and load was moving a little which can cause some systematic error. While spindle is spinning there is some friction which is neglected and the disc is vibrating while it is spinning which also cause some systematic error. = ? 2 2 Results MEASUREMENTS ON THE SPINDLE: MEASUREMENTS ON THE DISCS n= 8 L= 0. 26m DISC 1 (small) DISC 2 (medium) DISC 3 (large) Weight (kg) 0. 314 0. 490 Diameter (m) Radius (m) 0. 1 0. 127 0. 05 0. 0635 0. 696 0. 152 0. 076 H= 0. 026m r= 5. 14Ãâ€"10-3 DISC 1 Weight (kg) Time (s) Average Time (s) 1/t? (s-2) K (m s? ) I (kg m2) experimental I (kg m2) theoretical ?I (kg m2) 0. 1 2. 93 | 2. 73 | 2. 62 2. 76 0. 131 0. 15 2 | 2. 1 | 2. 23 2. 11 0. 225 1. 439 0. 000346 0. 2 1. 87 | 1. 85 | 1. 86 1. 86 0. 287 0. 22 1. 81 | 1. 74 | 1. 78 1. 78 0. 317 0. 000393 0. 000047 DISC 2 Weight (kg) Time (s) Average Time (s) 1/t? (s-2) K (m s? ) I (kg m2) experimental I (kg m2) theoretical ?I (kg m2) 0. 1 6. 49 | 6. 16 | 6. 33 6. 33 0. 0250 0. 15 4. 97 | 4. 77 | 509 4. 92 0. 0413 0. 686 0. 000726 0. 000988 0. 000262 3 0. 17 4. 38 | 4. 97 Z 4. 43 4. 43 0. 0510 0. 20 4. 00 | 4. 13 | 4. 08 4. 07 0. 0604 DISC 3 Weight (kg) Time (s) Average Time (s) 1/t? (s-2) K (m s? ) I (kg m2) experimental I (kg m2) theoretical ?I (kg m2) 0. 1 4. 21 | 4. 13 | 4. 17 4. 17 0. 0575 0. 15 3. 13 | 3. 27 | 3. 00 3. 13 0. 102 0. 290 0. 00172 0. 00201 0. 00029 4 0. 2 2. 73 | 2. 75| 2. 73 2. 74 0. 113 0. 17 3. 03 | 2. 77 | 2. 83 2. 9 0. 119 Calculations T=I? -3 T=Fr I = = = = ? = 2 1 = ? > 1 =km >k = 2 2 9. 8x(5. 14Ãâ€"10? 3 )? I1e= 2Ãâ€"1. 439Ãâ€"0. 26 =0. 000346ms? 9. 8x(5. 14Ãâ€"10? 3 )? I2e= 2Ãâ€"0. 686Ãâ€"0. 26 =0. 000726ms? 9. 8x(5. 14Ãâ€"10? 3 )? I3e= 2Ãâ€"0. 290Ãâ€"0. 26 =0. 00172 ms? I1t=0. 5Ãâ€"0. 052Ãâ€"0. 314=0. 000393 ms? I2t=0. 5Ãâ€"0. 06352Ãâ€"0. 490=0. 000988 ms? I3t=0. 5Ãâ€"0. 07602Ãâ€"0. 696=0. 00201 ms? ?I1=|0. 000393-0. 000346|=0. 000047 ms? ?I2=|0. 000988-0. 000726|=0. 000262 ms? ?I3=|0. 00201-0. 00172|=0. 000290 ms? 5 Error Analysis = 2 1(2 +2 ) + 2( + ) + = =? r= 0. 0005+0. 0005 ?r= 0. 26+0. 026 r x5. 14Ãâ€"10-3=1. 79Ãâ€"10-5 ?s=0. 00192 ?k=0. 176 ?I=1. 79Ãâ€"10-5Ãâ€"0. 00192Ãâ€"0. 176=6. 05Ãâ€"10-9 6 Graphical representation Disc 1. 1/s? 0. 35 0. 3 y = 1. 439x 0. 25 0. 2 0. 15 0. 1 0. 05 1/t? 0 0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 0. 2 0. 25 Weight kg 1/s? 0. 16 Disc 2. 0. 14 y = 0. 686x 0. 12 0. 1 0. 08 0. 06 1/t? 0. 04 0. 02 0 0 0. 05 0. 1 Weight 0. 15 0. 2 0. 25 kg 7 Disc 3. 1/s? 0. 07 0. 06 y = 0. 290x 0. 05 0. 04 0. 03 1/t? 0. 02 0. 01 0 0 0. 05 0. 1 Weight 0. 15 0. 2 0. 25 kg 8 Discussion From the results gained it can be concluded that larger and heavier the disc is greater the moment of inertia of a body. As we can see the gradient on the graphs are larger at larger discs. From theoretical values which it can be concluded that experiment was right. More time is taken to pass that distance for larger discs because the moment of inertia is bigger so it torque is required to accelerate the disc. However there were some random and systematic errors. One of the most effecting random errors is the human reaction error. It could be decreased by using light gate instead of stop watch. Using more accurate equipment for taking measurements of discs and spindle would decrease the error. Masses of the loads are not exact so more accurate loads would decrease the error. Conclusion Larger and heavier discs have larger moment of inertia so they require more torque to be accelerated.

How to Organize a Dorm Room

How to Organize a Dorm Room Given how ridiculously tiny the room might be, knowing how to organize a dorm room can be a challenge. So just what can you do to make the most of what space you do have? Dont have anything in the room that serves only one function. Sure, that plug-in grilled cheese maker seems cool, but it takes up a lot of space and can only do one thing. Make sure that every item in your room serves more than one function. For example, pick a speaker system for your iPhone that charges it at the same time. Use a throw on your bed that you can also take to football games when it gets cold outside. Youre paying a lot for that little room make sure your stuff is earning its keep, too! Think about the actual number of things youll really need at any time. Do you really need 20 highlighters? Or will 5 do? Let your campus bookstore be the one to keep things in stock; you can always run down there and get more of any supply (or borrow some from your roommate or friends down the hall). Split things with your roommate. Do you really need two printers? Two mini-fridges? Two MLA manuals? Of course, if sharing makes things get sticky, avoid this rule ... but, most likely, yo u and your roommate can make things work out by sharing some of the most important stuff. And you can save some sacred space (and cash) in the meantime. Avoid empty space. You probably have a duffel bag or suitcase for your trips home (or elsewhere). When you store them in your closet, dont store them empty. Put out-of-season clothes, big jackets, blankets, and anything else that will fit inside of them. Is there room under your bed? Buy storage boxes and cram in as much as you can. Youll still have your stuff accessible but no longer in the way. Aim for keeping things organized as often as you can. You may hear echoes of your mother in this rule, but its true: in a space that is especially small, keeping things organized will make the space seem larger. If youre pulling an all-nighter, getting everything off your desk except the stuff you need will help as your ability to focus starts to fade. If you like to read and study on your bed, being able to do so without having to fight for space with your laundry will make it easier on both your body and your brain.

Everything You Need to Know About Adobe

Everything You Need to Know About Adobe Adobe is essentially a dried mud brick, combining the natural elements of earth, water, and sun. It is an ancient building material usually made with tightly compacted sand, clay, and straw or grass mixed with moisture, formed into bricks, and naturally dried or baked in the sun without an oven or kiln. In the United States adobe is most prevalent in the hot, arid Southwest. Although the word is often used to describe an architectural style- adobe architecture- adobe is actually a building material.  Adobe bricks have been used around the world, including near the muddy river areas of ancient Egypt and the ancient architecture of the Middle East. It is used today but also found in primitive architecture: mud bricks were used even before the grand ancient stone temples of Greece and Rome. Construction methods and the composition of adobe- the recipe- vary according to climate, local customs, and the historical era. Adobes strength and resilience vary with its water content: too much water weakens the brick. Todays adobe is sometimes made with an asphalt emulsion added to help with waterproofing properties. A mixture of Portland cement and lime may also be added. In parts of Latin America, fermented cactus juice is used for waterproofing. Although the material itself is naturally unstable, an adobe wall can be load bearing, self-sustaining, and naturally energy efficient. Adobe walls are often thick, forming a natural insulation from the environmental heat that creates and sustains the material. Todays commercial adobe is sometimes kiln-dried, although purists may call these clay bricks. Traditional adobe bricks need about a month of drying in the sun before they can be used. If the brick is mechanically compressed, the adobe mixture needs less moisture and the bricks can be used almost immediately, although purists may call these compressed earth bricks. About the Word Adobe In the United States, the word adobe is said with the accent on the second syllable and the last letter pronounced, as in ah-DOE-bee. Unlike many architecture words, adobe does not originate in Greece or Italy. It is a Spanish word that does not originate in Spain. Meaning the brick, the phrase at-tuba comes from Arabic and Egyptian languages.  As Muslims migrated across northern Africa and into the Iberian Peninsula, the phrase was transformed into a Spanish word after the eighth century CE. The word entered our English language through the colonization of America by Spain after the 15th century. The word is widely used in the southwestern United States and Spanish speaking countries. Like the building material itself, the word is ancient, going back to the creation of language- derivations of the word have been seen in ancient hieroglyphics. Materials Similar to Adobe Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) resemble adobe, except they usually do not contain straw or asphalt, and they generally are more uniform in size and shape. When adobe is NOT formed into bricks, its called puddled adobe, and is used like the mud material in cob houses. The material is mixed and then thrown in lumps to gradually create an earthen wall, where the mixture dries in place. In the Natural Building Blog, Dr. Owen Geiger,  Director of the Geiger Research Institute of Sustainable Building, contends that Native Americans used puddled adobe before the Spanish introduced adobe brick-making methods. Preservation of Adobe Adobe is resilient if well-maintained. One of the oldest known structures in the U.S. is made from adobe bricks, the San Miguel Mission in Santa Fe, New Mexico, built between 1610–1628. Preservationists at the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior provide guidance on historic preservation, and their Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings (Preservation Brief 5) published in August 1978 has been the gold standard for keeping this building material maintained. Constant monitoring of deterioration sources, including the breakdown of mechanical systems like leaky plumbing, is the most important part of maintaining an adobe structure. It is the nature of adobe buildings to deteriorate, we are told in Preservation Brief 5, so careful observation of subtle changes and performing maintenance on a regular basis is a policy which cannot be over emphasized. Problems usually have more than one source, but the most common are (1) poor building, design, and engineering techniques; (2) too much rainwater, ground water, or watering of surrounding vegetation; (3) wind erosion from windblown sand; (4) plants taking root or birds and insects living within the adobe walls; and (5) previous repairs with incompatible building materials. Traditional Methods of Construction To maintain historic and traditional adobe, its best to know traditional methods of construction so that repairs can be compatible. For example, true adobe bricks must be assembled with a mud mortar of properties similar to the adobe. You cant use cement mortar because its too hard  - that is, the mortars cannot be stronger than the adobe brick, according to preservationists. Foundations are often constructed of masonry red brick or stone. Adobe walls are load-bearing and thick, sometimes braced with buttresses. Roofs are usually wooden and laid flat, with horizontal rafters covered with other materials. The familiar vigas projecting through the adobe walls are really the timber parts of the roof. Traditionally, the roof was used as additional living space, which is why wooden ladders are often propped up alongside an adobe home. After the railroads enabled the transport of building materials to the American Southwest, other roof types (e.g., hipped roofs) began to appear atop adobe brick buildings. Adobe brick walls, once in place, are usually protected by applying a variety of substances. Before an exterior siding is applied, some contractors may spray on insulation for added thermal protection- a dubious practice in the long term if it allows the bricks to retain moisture. Since adobe is an ancient building method, traditional surface coatings may include substances that seem odd to us today, such as fresh animal blood. More common sidings include: mud plaster, a mixture of elements the same as the adobe brick mixturelime plaster, a mixture containing lime, which is harder than mud, but more prone to crackingwhitewash, a mixture preservationists describe as ground gypsum rock, water, and claystucco, a relatively new form of siding for naturally dried adobe bricks- cement stucco does not stick to traditional adobe bricks, so wire mesh must be used Like all architecture, construction materials and methods of building have a shelf-life. Eventually, adobe bricks, surface coverings, and/or roofing deteriorate and must be repaired. Preservationists recommend following these general rules: Unless youre a professional, dont try to fix it yourself. Patching and repairing adobe bricks, mortar, rotting or insect-ridden wood, roofs, and surfacing agents should be handled by seasoned professionals, who will know to use matching construction materials.Repair any problem sources before beginning anything else.For repairs, use the same materials and building methods that were used to build the original structure. The problems created by introducing dissimilar replacement materials may cause problems far exceeding those which deteriorated the adobe in the first place, preservationists warn. Adobe is a formed-earth material, a little stronger perhaps than the soil itself, but a material whose nature is to deteriorate. The preservation of historic adobe buildings, then, is a broader and more complex problem than most people realize. The propensity of adobe to deteriorate is a natural, ongoing process....Competent preservation and maintenance of historic adobe buildings in the American Southwest must (1) accept the adobe material and its natural deterioration, (2) understand the building as a system, and (3) understand the forces of nature which seek to return the building to its original state. - National Park Service, Preservation Brief 5 Adobe Is Not Software Since the first Earth Day, people from all walks of life have found a calling advocating for natural building methods that will help save the earth. Earth-based products are naturally sustainable- you are building with the materials that surround you- and energy efficient. The folks at Adobe is not Software are just one of many groups in the Southwest devoted to promoting the benefits of adobe construction through training. They offer hands-on workshops on both making adobe and building with adobe. Adobe is more than software even in the high-tech world of southern California. Most of the largest commercial manufacturers of adobe brick are in the American Southwest. Both Arizona Adobe Company and the San Tan AdobeCompany are located in Arizona, a state rich in the raw materials needed to manufacture the building material. New Mexico Earth Adobes has been producing traditionally made bricks since 1972. Shipping costs can be more than product costs, however, which is why architecture made with adobe is mostly found in this region. It takes thousands of adobe bricks to construct a modest-sized home. Although adobe is an ancient method of construction, most building codes tend to focus on post-industrial processes. A traditional building method like building with adobe has become non-traditional in todays world. Some organizations are trying to change that. The Earthbuilders’ Guild, Adobe in Action, and the international conference called Earth USA help keep the mixtures baking in the heat of the sun and not in ovens run by fossil fuels. Adobe in Architecture: Visual Elements Pueblo Style and Pueblo Revival: Adobe construction is most closely associated with what is called Pueblo architecture. A pueblo is in fact a community of people, a Spanish word from the Latin word populus. The Spanish settlers combined their knowledge with the terraced communities occupied by the people already living in the area, the  indigenous people of the Americas. Monterey Style and Monterey Revival: When Monterey, California was an important seaport in the early 1800s, the population centers of the new country called the United States were in the East. When New Englanders like Thomas Oliver Larkin and John Rogers Cooper moved West, they took with them ideas of home and combined them with local customs of adobe construction. Larkins 1835 home in Monterey, which set the standard for the Monterey Colonial Style, exemplifies this fact of architecture, that design is often a mixture of features from different places. Mission and Mission Revival: When the Spanish colonized the Americas, they brought the Roman Catholic religion. The Catholic-built missions became symbols of a new way in a new world. Mission San Xavier Del Bac near Tucson, Arizona was built in the 18th century, when this territory was still part of the Spanish empire. Its original adobe brick has been repaired with low-fired clay brick. Spanish Colonial and Spanish Colonial Revival: Spanish style homes in the New World are not necessarily constructed with adobe. The only true Spanish colonial homes in the United States are the ones that were built during the long Spanish occupation from the 16th to 19th centuries. Homes from the 20th and 21st centuries are said to revive the style of the Spanish homeland. However, the traditional construction of a house in the medieval town of Calataà ±azor, Spain shows how this method of construction moved from Europe to America- the stone foundation, the overhanging roof, the timber beams for support, the adobe bricks, all ultimately hidden by a surface coating that defines the architectural style. Sources Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings, Preservation Brief 5, National Park Service Publication, August 1978, https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/5-adobe-buildings.htm and PDF at https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/preservedocs/preservation-briefs/05Preserve-Brief-Adobe.pdfSan Xavier del Bac, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/tuma/learn/historyculture/san-xavier-del-bac.htm and https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/San_Xavier_del_Bac_Mission.html [accessed February 8, 2018]A Brief History of Mission San Xavier del Bac, sanxaviermission.org/History.html [accessed February 8, 2018]Photo Credits: Adobe Pueblo in Taos, New Mexico, Rob Atkins/Getty Images; Thomas Oliver Larkin House, Ed Bierman via flickr.com, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0); Calataà ±azor, Spain house, Cristina Arias/Getty Images (cropped); Mission San Xavier Del Bac,Robert Alexander/Getty Images (cropped)

Facts About the Solar System

Facts About the Solar System Welcome to the solar system! This is where youll find the Sun, the planets, and humanitys sole home in the Milky Way Galaxy. It contains planets, moons, comets, asteroids, one star, and worlds with ring systems. Although astronomers and skygazers have observed other solar system objects in the sky since the dawn of human history, it has only been in the past half-century that theyve been able to explore them more directly with spacecraft. Historical Views of the Solar System Long before astronomers could use telescopes to look at objects in the sky, people thought that the planets were simply wandering stars. They had no concept of an organized system of worlds orbiting the Sun. All they knew were that some objects followed regular paths against the backdrop of the stars. At first, they thought these things were gods or some other supernatural beings. Then, they decided that those motions had some effect on human lives. With the advent of scientific observations of the sky, those ideas vanished.   The first astronomer to look at another planet with a telescope was Galileo Galilei. His observations changed humanitys view of our place in space. Soon, many other men and women were studying the planets, their moons, asteroids, and comets with scientific interest. Today that continues, and there are currently spacecraft doing many solar system studies. So, what else have astronomers and planetary scientists learned about the solar system?   Solar System Insights A journey through the solar system introduces us to the Sun, which is our nearest star. It contains an amazing 99.8 percent of the mass of the solar system. The planet Jupiter is the next most-massive object and it comprises two and a half times the mass of all the other planets combined. The four inner planets- tiny, cratered Mercury, cloud-shrouded Venus (sometimes called Earths Twin), temperate and watery Earth (our home), and reddish Mars- are called the terrestrial or rocky planets. Jupiter, ringed Saturn, mysterious blue Uranus, and distant Neptune  are called gas giants. Uranus and Neptune are so cold and contain a great deal of icy material, and are often called the ice giants.   The solar system has five known dwarf planets. They are called Pluto, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. The New Horizons mission explored Pluto on July 14, 2015, and is on its way out to visit a small object called 2014 MU69. At least one and possibly two other dwarf planets exist in the outer reaches of the solar system, although we do not have detailed images of them. There are probably at least 200 more dwarf planets in a region of the solar system called the Kuiper Belt (Pronounced KYE-per Belt.) The Kuiper Belt extends out from the orbit of Neptune and is the realm of the most distant worlds known to exist in the solar system. It is very distant and its objects are likely icy and frozen. The outermost region of the solar system is called the Oort Cloud. It probably has no large worlds but does contain chunks of ice that become comets when they orbit very close to the Sun. The Asteroid Belt is a region of space that lies between Mars and Jupiter. It is populated with chunks of rocks ranging from small boulders up to the size of a big city. These asteroids are left over from the formation of the planets.   There are moons throughout the solar system. The only planets that do NOT have moons are Mercury and Venus. Earth has one, Mars has two, Jupiter has dozens, as do Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Some of the moons of the outer solar system are frozen worlds with watery oceans beneath the ice on their surfaces.   The only planets with rings that we know of are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. However, at least one asteroid called Chariklo also has a ring and planetary scientists recently discovered a tenuous ring around the dwarf planet Haumea.   The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System Everything that astronomers learn about solar system bodies helps them understand the origin and evolution of the Sun and planets. We know they  formed about 4.5 billion years ago. Their birthplace was a cloud of gas and dust that slowly contracted to make the Sun, followed by the planets. The comets and asteroids are often considered the leftovers of the birth of the planets.   What astronomers know about the Sun tells us that it will not last forever. Some five billion years from now, it will expand and engulf some of the planets. Eventually, it will shrink down, leaving behind a very changed solar system from the one we know of today.

Paramedic science degree (Medical) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Paramedic science degree (Medical) - Essay Example We then supported her back while she slowly stood. With the help of a walker, she walked a few steps outside her room. When she expressed that she was getting tired, we assisted her to the wheelchair and wheeled her into the rehabilitation clinic. She was also a very anxious patient and feared that she might fall again and further injure herself. She was also feeling depressed and melancholy; she felt like there was no point in her trying to recover from her injuries. Feelings (What was I thinking and feeling?) I felt that the process of assisting the patient was a long and tedious process; but I knew that it was something we had to patiently undergo. This step by step process of transporting the patient from each point to the next helps prevent further injury and ensures that the patient would be able to safely regain her mobility and independence. Regaining mobility and independence after partial hip surgery is crucial to the patient’s recovery. In a study by Freburger (2000 , p. 448), the researcher was able to establish that physical therapy after hip arthroplasty helps to improve patient outcomes and to ensure home discharge. I felt that discharging the patient to home care would help calm and ease her anxieties; calming her anxieties about falling is essential towards achieving mobility and independence. Evaluation (What was good and bad about the experience?) What was good about the experience was that, I learned the importance applying safe methods of moving and transporting patients. Safely transferring and transporting the patient from one point to another requires technique and guidance from the physical therapist. I learned that all elements of the transfer and transport must be coordinated with all the members of the medical team in order to ensure the safe and stable transport of patients (Durch, p. 209). The physical therapist was able to teach us proper techniques of transferring the patient – techniques which were not too difficult for the patient to adopt while also being ergonomically safe for the transport team to apply. Ergonomically safe techniques in transporting patients help prevent injuries on the part of the transport team (Nelson and Baptiste, 2004). What I found bad about the experience was that I felt like the medical team was pushing the patient too hard. Granting that early mobility would help her regain her independence, I could see from the patient’s demeanour that she really was finding the process very exhausting. I felt that we needed to include counselling also to her treatment in order to help her deal with her anxiety and post-surgery depression. Depression after surgery, especially for the elderly is a common occurrence. Treating that depression helps ensure that she would do well during the rehabilitative process (McConnell, n.d., p. 3). Analysis (What sense can I make of the situation?) This situation emphasizes the importance of applying safe methods in the transfer and trans port of patients. Post-surgery patients, especially the elderly, already have compromised mobility, but it does not mean that they cannot move at all or that they will never regain their mobility. Learning the safe and appropriate ways to assist them in regaining mobility is an important function for the medical team. In the process however, the team must also learn how to

Analyse the component of a web-marketing strategy and explain how the Assignment

Analyse the component of a web-marketing strategy and explain how the HRBP can add value to the marketing department - Assignment Example The purpose of this paper is to analyze web marketing and how the human resource business partner (HRBP) position can add value to the marketing department. Internet marketing is a new brand of marketing that was born in the 1990’s. During that decade the business world was taken by storm as new dot com companies began to appear by the hundreds each day. At the end of the decade the infamous internet bubble burst as too many companies penetrated the marketplace at once with less than innovative ideas. The business world has changed and web marketing has become a critical success factor in the 21st century. The amount of e-commerce volume has increased a lot. The US e-commerce marketplace reached $153 billion in sales in 2010 (Plunkett Research, 2011). Due to the size of the market companies have to look for ways to improve their web marketing function in order to increase their overall volumes of sales. There are advantages and cons associated with the use of web marketing. On e of the greatest features of web marketing is the ability to increase the customer base of a company. Through the power of the internet web marketing in theory has the capability of reaching 100% of the global population once the world becomes fully online. Another advantage of the implementation of web marketing is cost. Web marketing campaigns are much cheaper than the use of traditional media. It can cost thousands or even millions of dollars to run a 30 second advertisement on television. In 2010 CBS charged between $2.5 million to $2.8 million for a 30 second ad during the Super Bowl (Cbsnews, 2010). A third advantage of the use of web marketing is that a campaign can be implemented very fast. Also web marketing can be beneficial because the advertiser can customized the ads based on the target audience. Despite all the benefits associated with web marketing there are also cons. The use of marketing advertising techniques such as email advertising or pop up ads can be perceive d by the general population as spam. Spam can be defined as unsolicited email often of a commercial nature that are sent indiscriminately to multiple mailing lists, individuals, or newsgroups (Answers, 2011). Another con of the use of web marketing campaigns is that at times it can be difficult to measure the results of a web marketing initiative. A third disadvantage of web marketing is that people can become skeptical about the trustworthiness of the deals offered in the internet due to the large amount of internet scams that have occurred in the past (Tun, 2009). The HRBP position can add a lot of value to the marketing department. Most marketing departments are limited by the internal capabilities and resources within a company. A firm could accomplish more if it joined forces with other marketing teams. The HRBP can help a company by negotiating strategic alliances with other firms. A strategic alliance can be defined as an arrangement between two or more companies that decided to share resources for a particular project (Answers, 2011). The use of strategic alliances is a market entry strategy that can enable firms to penetrate foreign locations. The marketing depar

Innovation in Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innovation in Banking - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to explore the technological determinist view of banking and the way in which it is causing changes in the society and customer behavior. The term technological determinism was first coined by Veblen, a sociologist in America and had later recurred in the works of a number of researchers. The fundamental idea behind technological determinism is that technology cannot be influenced by cultural and political forces as it has its own predictable and traceable path. Researchers have also suggested that once a technology has been introduced then it begins to show its effect on the society and the society supports further technological development. Though technological determinism has received its own share of criticisms, it remains as one of the most popular concepts of the 19th century. Technological determinism has been pointed as the key source that is driving competition in the global market in the present era. According to the research conducted by Chandl er, it has been found that technological determinism is the main reason that causes historical and social changes at a macro and social level. It was also pointed out in his research that technological determinism has the power to produce psychological influences on the minds of the consumers. According to the research conducted by Smith and Marx, it was established that technology can act as a major driver leading the path in which organizations and society are expected to behave in the future as successive innovations are introduced in the society.

Population Control and The Origins of the 3rd World Essay

Population Control and The Origins of the 3rd World - Essay Example This Malthusian presumption exists in the contemporary times as a popular clarification for environmental degradation and poverty. The third world is presumed to have resulted from the consequence of wealth and income disparities that were established in the final parts of the nineteenth century. This was when famous non-European peasants were incorporated in the world financial system (Davies 1). Malthus exonerates the unit of individuals who own property and the political economic system by implying that the productivity of the underprivileged is the foremost source of their underprivileged position, and that the productivity of the underprivileged cannot be tremendously affected by human involvement. In India, after 1876, the collective terror of the drought-famine extension from southern Indian cost to the North Western Provinces semi-arid areas of India. The loss of food products in a number of districts was disastrous. The peasants in every district traded the frames of their d oors and windows, field apparatus, the hatch of the roofs, and bullocks to stay alive during the initial period of the drought (Davies 2). They could not make use of the minimal rain produced between April and May due to lack of adequate means of production. Question 2 Malthusian reasoning still prevails because of a number of reasons. First, archeologists illustrate that societies surface when cultivators can produce an extra amount of food than they and their households can consume. It is the surplus of the cultivators that makes a society probable. Nevertheless, there are a number of minimal omissions where individuals have different products apart from agriculture with which they can exchange, for example, copper, automobile, or gold. Nonetheless, it is similar in all instances, if there is no product surplus, there will be no society (Davies 7). In addition, the thinking is still relevant because food is essential to the survival of humans. Also, the passion among the sexes is significant, and will linger in its current form. The law on food and passion among the sexes seem to have been permanent rules of the human nature. Moreover, human beings cannot conclude that these laws will stop being what they are without an instant act of influence in that being for the benefit of human beings and the system of the globe. By the rule of human nature which makes foodstuff essential to the existence of human beings, the impacts of the uneven influences should be kept at per. This entails a stout and continuously functioning assessment on population from the complexity of survival (Davies 23). This complexity should be placed somewhere, and should unavoidably be extremely felt by a significant section of humans. Moreover, the persistent endeavor towards population enhances the number of humans prior to the increment of the means of subsistence. Question 3 Malthusian views assert that disease and famine are the consequence of overreproduction, so victims should not be prevented from perishing. It is this Malthusian reasoning that has caused large amounts of death in several parts of the globe. First, there is forced inclusion of smallholder making into financial circuits and products all over the globe supervised from out of the countries. This destabilizes conventional food security. The underprivileged are compelled into progressive decline of circumstances of loss of property

American history-us constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American history-us constitution - Essay Example The 19th century saw the birth of a rigid US Constitution with the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. May 14th saw the Constitutional Convention meeting at Philadelphia and on September 17th, the Constitution was finished and signed by the delegates. The 20th century is the modern period of the US even though seriously marred by the two World Wars (1914 - 1918 and 1939 - 1936 respectively) and the Great Depression of the mid 1930s. The history of the America has been a very dynamic one. It can be divided into a five timelines: timeline of the colonization (1000 - 1764); the timeline of the American Revolution (1765 - 1786); Adoption of the Constitution (-'the biggest experiment in democracy'); the Civil War and Modern Times timeline (1861 - 1904); the World War II timeline (1939 - 1945).1 This dynamism is described by the Professor of History at the Moritz School, Ohio State University, Michael Les Benedict, in more than 40 essays in American History. Perhaps Benedict's works give the most comprehensive analogy of the biggest experiment in the history of democracy; the United States Constitution. The US constitution can be considered as the apex of US history. In an essay entitled Expanding the Scope of American Constitutional History, Benedict asserts that 'in the nineteenth century every history of the United States attended closely to the nation's constitutional development--to the constitutional issues that precipitated the American Revolution, to American History 3 the operation of the Articles of Confederation, the framing and ratification of the Constitution itself, issues of state rights versus nationalism, constitutional aspects of slavery, Civil War, and Reconstruction.' (Benedict) This statement by Michael Les Benedict is a clear indication that US history is mainly inscribed in its Constitution. The United States is a former British colony and at the time of the colonization used mainly Crown laws in its colonies. In effect, the authors of the Constitution of the US attempted to do away with those aspects of British laws that limited democracy and civil liberties in the light of the history of that great nation. That was the reason why the Bill of rights was inserted into the US constitution to protect the rights of the minority and to ensure equality for all in the USA. An analysis of post Constitutional Amendments proves that Benedict's findings on the US constitutional history can still be confirmed today. All constitutional amendments of the US Constitution are indeed geared towards ameliorating the ethical values of a revolutionary people. The Bill of Rights has given the US the name of the most democratic nation of the World and has equally given the US the fame of a land of freedom. From its discovery to the present, the US has always been called the 'land of opportunity' for all. Equally inscribed in this debate are recent measures taken by the US to assert the protection of its constitution and civil liberties of US Citizens in the fight against terrorism. This fight saw the adoption of the US Patriot Act post 9/11. 'No nation is more proud of its system of

Population Control and The Origins of the 3rd World Essay

Population Control and The Origins of the 3rd World - Essay Example This Malthusian presumption exists in the contemporary times as a popular clarification for environmental degradation and poverty. The third world is presumed to have resulted from the consequence of wealth and income disparities that were established in the final parts of the nineteenth century. This was when famous non-European peasants were incorporated in the world financial system (Davies 1). Malthus exonerates the unit of individuals who own property and the political economic system by implying that the productivity of the underprivileged is the foremost source of their underprivileged position, and that the productivity of the underprivileged cannot be tremendously affected by human involvement. In India, after 1876, the collective terror of the drought-famine extension from southern Indian cost to the North Western Provinces semi-arid areas of India. The loss of food products in a number of districts was disastrous. The peasants in every district traded the frames of their d oors and windows, field apparatus, the hatch of the roofs, and bullocks to stay alive during the initial period of the drought (Davies 2). They could not make use of the minimal rain produced between April and May due to lack of adequate means of production. Question 2 Malthusian reasoning still prevails because of a number of reasons. First, archeologists illustrate that societies surface when cultivators can produce an extra amount of food than they and their households can consume. It is the surplus of the cultivators that makes a society probable. Nevertheless, there are a number of minimal omissions where individuals have different products apart from agriculture with which they can exchange, for example, copper, automobile, or gold. Nonetheless, it is similar in all instances, if there is no product surplus, there will be no society (Davies 7). In addition, the thinking is still relevant because food is essential to the survival of humans. Also, the passion among the sexes is significant, and will linger in its current form. The law on food and passion among the sexes seem to have been permanent rules of the human nature. Moreover, human beings cannot conclude that these laws will stop being what they are without an instant act of influence in that being for the benefit of human beings and the system of the globe. By the rule of human nature which makes foodstuff essential to the existence of human beings, the impacts of the uneven influences should be kept at per. This entails a stout and continuously functioning assessment on population from the complexity of survival (Davies 23). This complexity should be placed somewhere, and should unavoidably be extremely felt by a significant section of humans. Moreover, the persistent endeavor towards population enhances the number of humans prior to the increment of the means of subsistence. Question 3 Malthusian views assert that disease and famine are the consequence of overreproduction, so victims should not be prevented from perishing. It is this Malthusian reasoning that has caused large amounts of death in several parts of the globe. First, there is forced inclusion of smallholder making into financial circuits and products all over the globe supervised from out of the countries. This destabilizes conventional food security. The underprivileged are compelled into progressive decline of circumstances of loss of property

The Creation of Modern Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Creation of Modern Capitalism - Essay Example We are now in the early stages of such a revolution, the transformation toward sustainable development. Most large corporations developed in an era of abundant raw materials, cheap energy, and limitless sinks for waste disposal. While successful in reestablishing the legitimacy of an industry under tremendous public pressure, Responsible Care has failed to address the fundamental underlying problems associated with the chemical industry; many of its products and processes are highly toxic, resource intensive, and continue to place enormous pressures on air and water resources. (Abernathy, 1978, 41) As the corporation ages, the bureaucracy begins to settle in. Passions cool and are replaced by "rational decision making," often simply the codification of what has worked in the past. Data are gathered, analysis is performed, alternatives are postulated, and scenarios are developed. Attempts are made to avoid the game of information sculpting. Only when rational decision making is in vogue does all the relevant information flow to the right decision maker, at the right time, and in the right form to be easily analyzed and interpreted. Rational decision making is triumphant, at least for a while. This stage is often pictured as the normal state of the corporation, although in our experience, particularly as the pace of change increases, rarely does this ideal state accurately describe how the company actually operates. Eventually, rational decision making reveals that the future potential of the business is limited. Often, at this point, threatened by the prospect of a bleak future, the corporation falls back on defensive routines to protect the organization from its fate, just as defensive emotions emerge in our lives when we sense impending trauma. Management now sees the future filled more with trouble than with promise. Decisions are made to protect existing businesses. The fear of discarding the old for the new (product cannibalization), the fear of channel conflict, and the fear of earnings dilution through acquisition paralyze acts of creative destruction and often effectively shield the corporation from the perception of future trouble--as well as the need to act--for a long time. Cultural lock-in is established, thwarting the emergence of a leader or team that might save the day. The causes of cultural lock-in Why does cultural lock-in occur The heart of the problem is the formation of hidden sets of rules, or mental models, that once formed are extremely difficult to change. Mental models are the core concepts of the corporation, the beliefs and assumptions, the cause-and-effect relationships, the guidelines for interpreting language and signals, the stories repeated within the corporate walls. Charlie Munger, a longtime friend of and co-investor with Warren Buffett and vice chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, calls mental models the "theoretical frameworks that help investors better understand the world." Mental models are invisible in the corporation. They are neither explicit nor

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Essay Example for Free

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Essay (1)The first thing I would do if I found out I was going to be evacuated from my home is start crying. Knowing that I will be separated from humanity I will also begin to become crazy, knowing what happens too all these people at the camps families suffering and loosing each other by being separated and killed will destroy me. The last hours I have at home I will pack few of my clothes, toothbrush, money, weapons and a journal not a diary because IM A MAN! Why would I pick to bring a journal instead of everything else I might poses you might be thinking is because since I am a man I probably will stay alive and get to write about my daily struggles I will be having in the internment camp. I would be forced to leave behind my phone, my computer, and mostly all my electronics because I wouldn’t want to risk being tracked. My list reveals that I’m going to be weak without all my things that I live on daily this evacuation will change my whole life and family. I actually don’t believe the Japanese Internment compares to the Holocaust, even though everyone has their right to their own opinions I don’t believe they compare. Because so many more Jews were killed during the Holocaust then Japanese being killed in the camps and no offense but the treatment the Jews were given from the Germans were way harsher than the U.S to the Japs. The Japanese had less camps and were given better treatment like food they were sent to these camps so the U.S. could view them and make sure that they weren’t spies. The Jew were sent to the camps and instantly put to work given numbers to represent when they were next to be killed.   Both sides of the internment were one U.S. getting involved was a good idea or a bad one. The United States putting most Japanese into internment camps can be seen as a bad idea because American is known for the Land of the Free. The U.S. putting most Japanese people into camps is definetley unconstitutional it makes people question is America really the Land of the Free? Obviously we know as we read America was just trying to be safe at this time, because in 1942 Roosevelt signs a Relocation in the United States because they believed that the Japanese were a threat to America. We were fighting against them at this time and they just didn’t want threats because they did believe that even though they came to America they still are going  to give information to Japan. That’s why in the book we saw Keikos former teacher be taken away by the â€Å"FBI† because they believed he was a spy. They still got an education, made a low salary and were given food in these camps it wasn’t like they were being slaves. I believe it was a good idea for America to get involved I think they did it smartly too they gave the Japanese camps where they would stay at and have their life I know you’re going to write but it’s not the same they are being forced to move but at this time they were being accused of being spies and doing bad things. Some people also just moved to America and where put into a camp where they can get a place to live, money and food instead of living on the street. It’s also only Japanese people so you’re with your kind. I guess I’m using a Jewish point of view because in our religion we are supposed to only marry Jewish people so I see this as a good thing being together as a race, but also we learn from our past.

The mechanical and electromagnetic wave

The mechanical and electromagnetic wave Introduction A wave is a moving disturbance that transports energy from one place to another without transporting matter. Any wave is characterized as sort of disturbance that travels away form its sources. There are two examples of waves, mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves. Mechanical waves travelling through a material medium, such as water waves, sound waves and the seismic waves caused by earthquakes. Particles in the medium are disturbed from their equilibrium positions as the wave passes, returning to their equilibrium positions after the wave passed. Electromagnetic wave such as radio waves and light waves which has the disturbance consists of oscillating electromagnetic fields. Two of our five human senses are wave detectors: the ear is sensitive to the tiny fluctuations in air pressure caused by compression waves in air, which is sound whereas the eye is sensitive to electromagnetic waves in a certain frequency length that is light. (Richardson 2004). The examples of mechanical wave and electromagnetic wave Mechanical wave One of the examples of mechanical wave is sound wave.How does a sound wave be created? First, the disturbance from one location to another which carried by any medium. By far, the most familiar case is sound in a gas such as air. Second, there is a unique source of the wave. The vibrating object which creates the disturbance could be the string of a violin or guitar, vocal chords of a person, tuning fork, etc. Third way is particle-to-particle-interaction. If the sound wave is moving through the air, it will pull or push its nearest neighbors, causing a disturbance of its nearest neighbors. (National Science Digital Library Science, 2003). Besides, seismic wave is an example of mechanical wave. Seismic wave is a result of an earthquake, explosion or some others process that give out force. There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all move in different ways. There are two main types of seismic waves; they are body wavesandsurface waves. Body waves propagate into the body of the Earth. On the other hand, surface waves can only move along the surface of the Earth. Those are similar to water waves on the surface of a lake. Earthquakes radiate seismic energy as both body and surface waves. (Michele, n.d.). Seismic waves carry energy released by an earthquake to other parts of the Earth, sometimes with devastating results. Electromagnetic waves   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are lot types of electromagnetic waves. The one of the examples, radio waves which is used to carry conventional radio and television signals as well as signals for some cell phones and pagers. In addition, microwaves, X-Rays and gamma rays are also types of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwaves in ovens carry energy from their source to the food. (Richardson 2004). Gamma rays are not only produced in nuclear power plants and the Sun, but also reach the Earth from the sources outside our solar system. The radiation people are able to detect by eyes falls into the rather narrow frequency range. This radiation is called visible light. Proceeding to frequencies above the range of visible light is ultraviolet light. The tragedy caused by wave The earthquake struck in Hanshin is caused by seismic waves which was the worse to hit Japan since the great Kanto earthquake of 1923. The 7.2-magnitude GreatHanshinEarthquake of 1995 hit the Kobe area at 5:46 a.m. on Tuesday, January 17, leaving in its wake more than 5200 deaths, 30,000 injured, 300,000 homeless, and 110,000 buildings damaged. (Fukushima 1995). How did the earthquake cause great devastation at locations many kilometers away? Seismic waves travel away from the focus of an earthquake both through the Earth (body waves) and along the Earths crust (surface waves), transporting vibrations and energy. However, the material through which the waves travel is not transported. Most earthquake damage is caused by seismic waves rather than caused by fault movement. In the Hanshin earthquake, damage to the buildings was caused by seismic waves at distances over 100km from the epicenter, but the motion of the vibrating particles in the ground never moved than about 1.5m. (Giambattista 2004) Optical phenomena (Atmospheric optics) The unique wave properties of the atmosphere cause a wide range of spectacular optical phenomena. One common example would be therainbow, when light from the sun is reflected and refracted by water droplets. Some, such as thegreen ray and Fata Morgana are so rare they are sometimes thought to be mythological.(John 2006) Why is the sky blue and not violet? The Rayleigh scattering of light by molecules in the atmosphere gets stronger as the wavelength decreases. We have claimed that this scattered of light gives the sky its blue light, so why isnt the sky violet instead? Two factors combine to make the sky blue instead of violet. First, the Sun emits more strongly in the blue than in the violet range (according to Fig.1). Second, peoples eyes are more sensitive to blue light to violet light. Hence, even though violet light scattered more strongly than blue light, people still perceive the sky is blue. (Nicholas, n.d.) Wiens Law: Hotter objects emit most of their radiation at shorterwavelengths; hence they will appear to bebluer. Cooler objects emit most of their radiation atlonger wavelengths; hence they will appear to beredder.

The Impact of Digital Media on Consumer Spending Essay examples -- Con

The impact of digital media on consumer spending has had a positive and negative impact on the average consumer. While digital media has opened up new businesses and career fields, simultaneously it has closed and decimated traditional â€Å"brick and mortar† establishments, decreasing the need for sales professionals. Many years prior to the affordability of personal computers in the 1980s, consumers were hunter-gatherers, whereas their actual jobs were hunting and gathering food for everyday subsistence. Once humankind evolved, trading and bartering came into play along with an increased level of occupational specialization. As the world population increased, natural resources decreased, innovation and transportation systems improved, and trade became the vehicle for survival and wealth building. Fast forward to present day, and we can see three major impacts digital media has had on consumer spending, the ease of accessibility for the consumer, the financial benefit to the online retailer, and the impact to the traditional â€Å"brick and mortar† establishments. Seeing that we are becoming more of a sedentary society, ease of accessibility is critical in the influencing consumers spending habits. Fast food restaurants, microwave foodstuffs, and â€Å"instant† products all have one major advantage to the consumer†¦they save time. Consumers spend an average of 8.6 hours working per day (Labor), therefore with only 24-hours in the day; any product or process that can save precious minutes could be destined for success. Online shopping is only a few clicks away, and the product you select will be at your doorstep in a relatively short period. Additionally, with internet accessibility, consumers spend less time and resources researching products... ...rt journey towards insolvency. Works Cited Internet Retailer, Portal to E-commerce Intelligence. (2012). Trends and Data, Consumers. Chicago, IL: Retrieved from http://www.internetretailer.com/trends/consumers/ Internet Retailer, Portal to E-commerce Intelligence. (2012). Trends and Data, Sales. Chicago, IL: Retrieved from http://www.internetretailer.com/trends/sales/ United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). American Time Use Survey. Washington, DC: Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/charts/ Hubbard, R. G., & O’Brien, A. P. (2010). Macroeconomics. (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. United States Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, and International Trade Administration; Advocacy-funded research by Kathryn Kobe (2007). Washington, DC: Retrieved from http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs299.pdf The Impact of Digital Media on Consumer Spending Essay examples -- Con The impact of digital media on consumer spending has had a positive and negative impact on the average consumer. While digital media has opened up new businesses and career fields, simultaneously it has closed and decimated traditional â€Å"brick and mortar† establishments, decreasing the need for sales professionals. Many years prior to the affordability of personal computers in the 1980s, consumers were hunter-gatherers, whereas their actual jobs were hunting and gathering food for everyday subsistence. Once humankind evolved, trading and bartering came into play along with an increased level of occupational specialization. As the world population increased, natural resources decreased, innovation and transportation systems improved, and trade became the vehicle for survival and wealth building. Fast forward to present day, and we can see three major impacts digital media has had on consumer spending, the ease of accessibility for the consumer, the financial benefit to the online retailer, and the impact to the traditional â€Å"brick and mortar† establishments. Seeing that we are becoming more of a sedentary society, ease of accessibility is critical in the influencing consumers spending habits. Fast food restaurants, microwave foodstuffs, and â€Å"instant† products all have one major advantage to the consumer†¦they save time. Consumers spend an average of 8.6 hours working per day (Labor), therefore with only 24-hours in the day; any product or process that can save precious minutes could be destined for success. Online shopping is only a few clicks away, and the product you select will be at your doorstep in a relatively short period. Additionally, with internet accessibility, consumers spend less time and resources researching products... ...rt journey towards insolvency. Works Cited Internet Retailer, Portal to E-commerce Intelligence. (2012). Trends and Data, Consumers. Chicago, IL: Retrieved from http://www.internetretailer.com/trends/consumers/ Internet Retailer, Portal to E-commerce Intelligence. (2012). Trends and Data, Sales. Chicago, IL: Retrieved from http://www.internetretailer.com/trends/sales/ United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). American Time Use Survey. Washington, DC: Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/charts/ Hubbard, R. G., & O’Brien, A. P. (2010). Macroeconomics. (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. United States Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, and International Trade Administration; Advocacy-funded research by Kathryn Kobe (2007). Washington, DC: Retrieved from http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs299.pdf

Data Analysis

To analyze the time series data, a statistical software (STATA) was used. In time series data analysis important required condition is stationarity of the data set. To test whether the time series is stationary or not, the two tests are used; the ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller) test and Zivot and Andrews test for unit root. Both of these tests have same null hypothesis that the series is non-stationary (unit root process). For ADF unit root test we need lag length for the given time series variables. The lag length is selected by using information criteria (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) mentioned in section [2.2]. We performed the unit root tests with both trend and constant. It is important because the graphs of the time series variables gives an indication, whether we will include the trend term in the model or not. We can check the t value as well for inclusion of trend term in the model. The graph of immigration, unemployment and inflation shows that these series have time trend, but GDP growth rate series has no trend. The Table 4 summarizes the results of ADF test at levels. The given table consists of test statistics value and p-value. In case of variable GROWTH, the hypothesis was rejected and we can say that GDP growth rate is stationary at levels. The remaining variables IMMIG, UNEMP and INF are non-stationary at levels. All these three variables are non-stationary, when ADF test is performed with trend and intercept in the model. Table 4: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at levelsVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -0.838 0.8077 -2.825 0.1881UNEMP -1.398 0.5833 -2.503 0.3265GROWTH -5.671 0.0000 -5.587 0.0000INF -1.313 0.6231 -3.163 0.1032Since the series (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are not-stationary at levels, we take first difference for these three series. After taking the first differenced for IMMIG, UNEMP and INF series, the ADF test are then performed, as shown in table 5. Now these three variables are stationary at the first difference and they are said to be integrated of first order. Table 5: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at first differenceVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -6.516 0.0000 -6.520 0.0000UNEMP -4.582 0.0001 -4.523 0.0014INF -7.967 0.0000 -7.891 0.0000 The results obtained from Zivot and Andrews test of unit are shown table 6. GDP growth rate has same results like in previous tests which is stationary at level with constant and trend and without trend. Unemployment rate and immigration are non-stationary series with or without trend. The inflation rate is stationary without trend but non-stationary when including trend term in the model. Zivot and Andrews test was reformed after taking first difference of the three non-stationary time series. The unemployment, immigration and inflation rate have a strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis of unit root at first difference.Table 6. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at levels)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Break Year Test statistics Z(t) Break YearIMMIG -4.167 2006 -3.698 2002UNEMP -5.313 1992 -3.841 1997GROWTH -6.001*** 1994 -5.180*** 2005INF -5.025** 1992 -3.830 1977Note: significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level Table 7. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at first difference)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Test statistics Z(t)D. IMMIG -7.032*** -6.413***D.UNEMP -5.600*** -4.632**D.INF -7.092*** -6.896*** Note: *significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level The empirical results of vector autoregressive model are investigated in the form of Granger causality test and Impulse response function. In this thesis, the time series variables used on levels to perform VAR model, because GDP growth rate is stationary on level and the remaining three variables (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are stationary at first difference. As mentioned in section [2.1], various studies have indicated that vector auto regressive model can be estimated on levels of variables.The information criterion is used to select the lag length for a vector autoregressive model with four time series variables. The three information criterion (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) gives same lag length, which is two. But we preferred SBIC for selecting the lag length. After computing the results of vector autoregressive model, there is need to test for autocorrelation of residuals and stability of the model. The LM Test for Residual Autocorrelation is used to test for autocorrelation. The results of the test shows that there is no evidence of autocorrelation found between the residuals. The resulting VAR model gives all eigenvalues less than one and these eigenvalues lies inside the unit circle shown in appendix [A4], which confirms that estimated VAR model is stable.The Granger causality test is performed by using the results of VAR model. Table 8 shows the results of Granger-causality. The null and alternative hypotheses is used for immigration variable are H_0: Immigration does not Granger cause unemployment rateH_1: Immigration granger causes the unemployment rate H_0: Immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the GDP growth rate ? H?_0: Immigration does not Granger cause inflation rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the inflation rateIn first column of table 8 the null hypothesis is shown and degree of freedom is in 2nd column. The next two columns give test statistics value and p-value. We set the level of significance to be at 5%. The degree of freedom for all pairs is used 2, because the estimated VAR model has lag length 2. The results obtained from granger causality test for first null hypothesis have p-value 0.194, which is a clear evidence that we cannot reject null hypothesis. It showed that immigration does not granger cause unemployment rate. For hypothesis about effect of immigration on GDP growth rate, the p-value is 0.35, which means again that we cannot reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate. The same results found in case of immigration and inflation rate hypothesis, where the p-value is 0.186. It is found that immigrations do not granger cause inflation rate. In these three cases we cannot reject the null hypothesis. Table 8: Engle-Granger test for Causality:Null Hypothesis df Chi-sq Prob > chi-sq decision IMMIG does not granger cause UNEMP 2 3.2787 0.194 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause GROWTH 2 2.1011 0.350 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause INF 2 3.3626 0.186 Do not reject H0The impulse response function obtained from vector autoregressive model results are presented in figures (6-9). The impulse response function in the figure (7) shows the response of unemployment rate after a shock in the immigration. At first two steps, the resulting effect is negative, but after two steps it has a positively increasing trend till the fourth step. At the fourth step it has a maximum value near 2 and after fourth step it goes down, which eventually disappeared at sixth step. The impulse response function in this case build an idea that immigrations have positive short run relationship with unemployment.The figure (8) displays the response of growth rate to a shock in immigrations. It shows the negative relation in first three years. After the third year, it tends towards positive side and after sixth year it fades away. In figure (9) the response of inflation rate to a shock in immigration show that in first three years it has positive value. But after third years, it is going towards negative side till sixth year and after sixth year it has no effect. It shows that in first years immigration and inflation have positive significance short run relationship and after this period it has negative relation till sixth year. Figure 6: Graph of Impulse Response Function Figure 7: Response of UNEMP to a shock in IMMIG Figure 8: Response of GROWTH to a shock in IMMG Figure 9: Response of INF to a shock in IMMG ? ConclusionsThe main objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of immigration on macro-economic variables in Sweden. In this study unemployment rate, GDP growth rate and inflation rate are considered as the economic variables. The annual data for period 1970-2014 is used to examine the relationship between these variables in Sweden. We estimated VAR model for a short run relationship. The estimated VAR model satisfied the stability condition and by using Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test for autocorrelation, it was made sure that there is no autocorrelation between the residuals at any lag order 2. The granger causality analysis performed by using the results of VAR model. The granger causality results shows that the immigration does not effect the unemployment rate, growth rate and inflation rate in Sweden during the study period. It is concluded that immigration has no short run relationship with these three macro-economic variables. The results obtained from impulse response function shows that the immigration has short run positive relationship with the unemployment rate after first few years. On the other hand, the immigration have negative effect on growth rate in first three periods, but after these periods, the reverse effect has been observed. There is a positive relationship found in first two years between immigration and inflation rate. But after two years it has negative relationship between immigration and inflation rate. The impulse response function results shows that immigration affect these economic variables for five to six periods and after that it have no such effect. This indicates that in the beginning the immigrants does not participate in the economic growth. One probable cause of this could be the exposure to a new language in Sweden, which produces language barriers. Which also verifies that the GDP growth rate becomes static relative to the immigrations after few years, since language barrier is a temporary effect. However, considering more economic variables which could be affected by the immigration may lead to more findings in Sweden's economic growth. Moreover, increasing the sample size of the study variables could yield more improved results. Data Analysis According to Parahoo (2006, p.375), data analysis is â€Å"an integrated part of the research design†, which is a way of appreciating the data before presenting them in an understandable manner. While Authors(De Vos, 2005:333; Neuman, 2006:16) describes data analysis as a way in which the data was captured, analysed, and the statistical procedures used in order to bring meaning and measure to it. For the purpose of this mix method, study both qualitative and quantitative data collected from the field will be analysed. Content analysis will be used to analyze the data that will be gathered from focus group interviews. The process of analysing the qualitative data will start immediately after the focus group discussions is concluded. Therefore, the aim of this study is to follow the process outlined by Babbie and Mouton (2010:493, 494, 495); Creswell and Plano Clark (2007:129); Schurink, Fouchà © & De Vos (2011:403-404); Singh (2007:82); Welman, Kruger and Mitchell (2005:211) to achieved the following: managed or organised data so as to make it easily retrievable and managed; analysed, described, and classified data; represented and visualised data so as to be able to present and place them in the form of themes and statements. The Data will also be validated and interpreted (Alasuutari et al., 2008:362, 363; Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007:35; Flick, 2008:16; Schurink, Fouchà © & De Vos, 2011:417). According to Moore & McCabe (2005), this is the type of research whereby data gathered is categorized in themes and sub-themes, will be able to be comparable. This will help us to reduce and simplify the data collection processes, while at the same time producing results to assist in the measurement of using quantitative techniques. Another aim of the content analysis in this research is to assist us to structure the qualitative data collected in a way that satisfies the accomplishment of research objectives. However, human error can be highly involved in the content analysis process, since there is the risk for researchers to misinterpret the data gathered, thereby generating false and unreliable conclusions (Krippendorff & Bock, 2008).Thus, in additional to content analysis, the Statistical weighted mean will be used to answer the research questions. Most of the response options in the questionnaire instrument will be weighted as shown below:Table xx: Likert Scale of SignificanceStrongly Agree Agree Undecided/ Neutral Strongly Disagree DisagreeSA A U/N SD D5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 PointThe acceptance point for the items will be 2.50. Nworgu, (1991), purports that the t-test is testing hypothesis about the differences between means when the sample size is small. Therefore, we will be using, the t-test statistical analysis to test the three null hypotheses used in this study. On the other hand, if the calculated t-value is greater than the critical value of t, the null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative, which is â€Å"significance† will be accepted. By extension if the calculated t-value is lesser than the critical t-value, the null hypothesis (Research questions) will be accepted and the alternative rejected. However, the null hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 (5 %) level of significance. This means 5 chances of being in error out of every 100 cases. Therefore, any chances of error will be very low.The statistical weight mean will be supported and complemented by the use of IBM SPSS Statistics 19 (Singh, 2007:83). According to some authors(Babbie& Mouton, 2010:459; Fouchà © & Bratley, 2011:251) the researcher will be using descriptive methods to describe, analyse, and summarise numerical data into major characteristics of the study without distorting or losing too much of valuable information, so that it is simple, manageable, and more understandable and to facilitate eventual processing of data, the researcher will also be analysed quantitative data according to different themes of the measuring instrument (Delport & Roestenburg, 2011:196). Most importantly data will be presented and displayed in the form of table/s and graphic/s. (Fouchà © & Bratley, 2011:257).

History of Atlanta Essay

Even by the standard of America, Atlanta is a young city. Even before it became a settlement, such cities like Cincinnati, Charleston, Chattanooga and New Orleans were already thriving cities. Atlanta can be said to be a bright, aggressive and brash town with the rough ages smoothed by time. The city dashes with the charm of the south. Atlanta has a unique and proud heritage despite its relatively young age and has a past that is worth being preserved. Even though Atlanta was in the South, it was not however of the south from the beginning. It begun as a small railway crossing. As such, it was established as a railway terminus. The culture, values and mores of the town resembled those of the frontier towns of the Old West than of the cities of the Old South. The catalyst for its growth and economy still remains transportation. The city always attracted men and women who possessed vision from the beginning, the opportunists who possessed the foresight to offer the facilities that would make Atlanta become one of the most important cities in the Southeast. The Creek and Cherokee Indians owned the land that is now Atlanta some one hundred and fifty years ago (Robert, 1981). When the first white settlement was founded on the banks of the Chattahoochee River near the Indian village of Standing Peachtree, the United States was well into war. This was in the year eighteen twelve. The white people and the Indians lived together until the year eighteen thirty five when the leaders of Cherokee nation consented under the Treaty of New Echota to leave their lands and move west. During this period, the Cherokee lands were officially under the possession of Georgia, an act that resulted into the infamous Trail of Tears. Farmers and craftsmen from the mountains of North Georgia, Carolinas and Virginia were the early settlers in the area of Atlanta. These early settlers were in most part hardworking and deeply religious. Through lottery disbursements, they came to possess their lands. They lived in harmony and peace with their Indian neighbors. They also owned a few slaves. They built schools and churches. They often traveled to Decatur to trade besides marketing their cotton in Macon which was a hundred miles to the south. In the antebellum south, this society was as close to being termed yeoman as possible. In the metropolitan Atlanta area, some of their pre-Civil War churches, homes, mills and cemeteries are still in existence. The inception of Atlanta was the integration of necessity and geography made possible by the steam engine. The construction of a trade route from the coast of Georgia to the Midwest was voted by the Georgia General Assembly in the year eighteen-thirty six. It was meant to be a state railroad which was to facilitate trade between the state and other regions. The terminal for the railroad was to be at the sparsely populated Georgia Piedmont. It was to run from a particular point on the Tennessee line close to the Tennessee River, starting near Rossville to a point on the Southeastern bank of the Chattahoochee River that could be easily accessed by the branch railroads (Reed, 2006). The name of the railroad was to be the Western and Atlantic Railroad of the State of Georgia. Stephen Harriman Long, an army engineer with a wealth of experience, was offered the task of finding the most practical route foe the new rail line. He chose a site that was eight miles south of the river. The Indian trails and connecting ridges converged at this point. This point that he chose proved to be just the right site with an ideal climate. The stake was driven near the present Five Points in Downtown Atlanta. Atlanta is positioned in the Piedmont Plateau with an elevation of one thousand ands fifty feet yet no natural barriers can impede on the growth of the city. Atlanta grew developed like the towns in the West between the periods that long drove his stake on the ground and the beginning of the civil war. Gold was stroke in the rail lines instead of mining. Opportunists, salesmen, merchants, craftsmen and land speculators were soon attracted by the railroad workers’ little settlement which was aptly named Terminus. What followed were the warehouses, ironworks, textile industry, sawmills and banks. The city later came to be called Marthasville in honor of the Governors daughter. However, prominent citizens considered this mane to be too long and bucolic for the progressive city and hence were changed to Atlanta. The patterns of settlement were slowly being formed. A substantial merchant residential community known as Mechanicsville thrived around the rail yards. Near the White Hall Tavern grew the West End. Luxurious home begun to be built on Marietta, Whitehall, Broad, lower Peachtree and Washington Street as residential avenues of important citizens begun to be established. However, pre-War Atlanta was not a quiet business community. According to Franklin Garrett, the town was classified as tough even as the number of good, moral citizens increased. The city distinctively developed as a railroad center with vices that were characteristic to rough frontier settlements. Gambling dives, brothels, resorts and drinking were normal in the city and the sporting elements were insulting on their defiance of the public order (Robert, 1981). When the Civil War erupted, Atlanta was already an important city. It had a population of more than ten thousand individuals, banks, manufacturing and retail shops, four rail lines, banks, carriage and wheelwright shops, three thousand eight-hundred homes, tanneries, warehouses, mills and iron foundries. It became an important shipping and supply center for the Confederacy. It also possessed the facilities which made it necessary for the Union forces, led by Sherman, to seize and destroy it. In July 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman began his campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta. The city surrendered to his forces on September 2 after a series of battles and a siege of the city lasting for a month. The city was on fire not because of Union shells but mainly due to the box of explosives that the retreating Confederates blew up. Evacuation of the city and the destruction of buildings that could be used by the confederates were ordered by Sherman. By the time Sherman started his march to the sea, the only structures left standing in Atlanta were about four hundred buildings. The city became a ghost town of ashes and rubble. When the residents came back and begun rebuilding the town, the city was still smoldering. The residents came back with a new and stronger spirit than before. Their confidence in the future of Atlanta grew and within five years after the holocaust, the city was rebuilt and its prewar population redoubled. The city adopted a new form of architecture which waxes popular during that era since the original antebellum architecture was almost entirely destroyed during the period of the war. However, some of the few fine whitewashed columned mansions that were in downtown Atlanta survived even though others were later destroyed to provide room for state and city buildings. The limits of the city were originally circular and extended one mile from the zero milepost. Its initial expansions were circular too. The demographic patterns of the city were reestablished as before the war. West End continued to thrive as a residential business community of the upper class. Along the Peachtree and Washington Streets, wealthy white citizens established and built Victorian mansions. Prosperous black enclaves also developed despite the fact that segregation existed in the city. These enclaves were concentrated along Auburn Avenue after 1906. Summerhill, Vine City and many other residential pockets around the central city emerged as black neighborhoods. The city experienced rapid growth from the time that the Civil War ended through the last decade of the nineteenth century. The central business district expanded from Union Depot toward the it’s limits by the end of eighteen seventy (Best of Images of America, 2000). The city was dissected by a path of railroad tracks which converged in the lower downtown gulch. The flow of traffic over the tracks was facilitated by the construction of a network of viaducts that were planned in the turn of the twentieth century and completed twenty five years later. The business district was moved to another level by the viaducts which led to the establishment of another area that is presently known as Underground Atlanta. For the railroad depots, a simple utilitarian Italianate architecture was encouraged and this influenced so much the design of the design of the commercial buildings that were constructed before the turn of the century. The foundation of Atlanta’s economy within this period still became the railroads. This continued through to the Second World War when emphasis shifted to truck and air transport. The city’s growth was spurred by transportation and private enterprise. In the final decade of nineteenth century, new rail lines were added to the city’s network. Its dominance as southeast’s railroad center became established with the consolidation of ten radiating lines within that decade which included divisions of Southern Railway totaling five. With the recession and depression of the economy of the nation in the nineteen eighties, a series of fairs and expositions were staged by an Atlanta promoter to attract business in this area. In an attempt to establish a new economic base in the postwar south, the International Cotton Exposition was staged in 1881. Atlanta was advertised as a commercial and transportation center by the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895 which made Atlanta to emerge as one of the major cities of the Southeast. The Exposition became recognized worldwide and by 1903, many regional and national companies had their headquarters in Atlanta. The growth of Atlanta as an industrial base, contrasting it with the rest of the south which was inclined toward agriculture, came as a result of the fair and exposition. Industrial complexes were established along the rail lines, textile mills also came south and mill villages were also constructed to house the workers. The residential perimeters also expanded with the introduction of horse drawn street car in the 1871. There was also the emergence of several private developers. Among the notable private developers was Joel Hurt who built the fast skyscraper in Atlanta. He also established the first planned residential suburb in Atlanta. Atlanta adopted the Chicago school of architecture in the establishment of skyscrapers of elevator buildings. The city’s skyline was transformed from the picturesque High Victorian to a collection of multipurpose skyscraper office buildings and hotels. These new buildings attracted a large railroad and insurance. Atlanta’s distinctive personality is offered by the early commercial buildings and the Victorian and post-Victorian settlements that were build between 1890 and 1930. Atlanta in the southeast’s capital city, a future city with strong ties to the past, its soul being the old in the new, a heritage that enhances the quality of life in a modern city.